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Mzilikazi kaMashobane

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Mzilikazi kaMashobane[1] (watalwa mhlambe ngokubekisa nga1790 – wafa ngeti-9 Inyoni 1868; lobekatiwa nangekutsi nguMzilikazi Khumalo noma Moselekatse, ngokubhala kwebelumbi etincwadzini)[2] bekayiNkhosi yaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nomsunguli webukhosi bemaNdebele aseNyakatfo, noma emaMatabele, endzaweni leseNingizimu neZimbabwe yanamuhla, leyatiwa nangekutsi nguMbuso waseMthwakazi.

Mzilikazi, njengoba aboniswa nguWilliam Cornwallis Harris, c. 1836

Watalwa edvute naseMkuze endzaweni leseyiKwaZulu-Natal namuhla, lapho ahola balandzeli bakhe baya enyakatfo basuka KwaZulu ngesikhatsi seMfekane. Endleleni wahlanganisa bantfu labavela etiveni letehlukene, maphindze wasungula umbuso lonemandla endzaweni leyagcina yatiwa ngekutsi yiMatabeleland. Balandzeli bakhe bagcine batiwa ngekutsi ngemaNdebele aseZimbabwe.

Labanyenti bambuka njengemholi wemphi lomkhulu kunabo bonkhe eNingizimu Afrika ngemuva kweNkhosi yemaZulu, Shaka Zulu. Encwadzini yakhe yekuphila, David Livingstone wachaza Mzilikazi njengemholi wesibili lamhlonipha kakhulu kubo bonkhe baholi lahlangana nabo eveni lase-Afrika.

Imphilo yakhe yekucala

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Mzilikazi watalwa ayindvodzana yaMashobane kaMangethe, indvuna yesive sebakaKhumalo saseNyakatfo, cishe nga-1790 edvute naseMkuze endzaweni leseyiKwaZulu-Natal namuhla, lebeseyingumgogodla wesive semaZulu. Unina kwakunguNompethu kaZwide, indvodzakati yeNkhosi Zwide kaLanga yemaNdwandwe, lapho Mzilikazi akhulela khona.

EmaNdwandwe bekasemncintisanweni nebakaMthethwa, lababeholwa nguDingiswayo, kubangwa umhlaba. Sive sakaKhumalo besakhe eMfuleni uMfolozi Lomnyama, emkhatsini walobukhosi lobumbili.

Mzilikazi waba yindvuna yesive sakhe ngemuva kwesikhashana ngeminyaka yabo-1820, ngemuva kwekutsi Mashobane abulawe nguZwide ngekusita Shaka kutsi abaleke. Mzilikazi wafunga kutsembeka kuShaka Zulu, lowayetsatse bukhosi bemaZulu ngebundlova futsi watsatsa kubusa kwenhlangano yemaMthethwa ngemuva kwekufa kwaDingiswayo, waphindze waba yindvuna yaShaka yemphi.[3]

Kusuka KwaZulu

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Shaka ekucaleni bekanelisekile ngendlela Mzilikazi lebekasebenta ngayo ekusekeleni sive semaZulu. Wamupha netinkhomo nemasotja. Kwaba nekwehlukana emkhatsini walabaholi lababili ngemuva kwekutsi Shaka abulale emawele aNtombizodwa kaMashobana, dzadzewabo waMzilikazi, lowagcine atiwa ngekutsi nguMafakasane.

Nga-1823 Mzilikazi washiya iKwaZulu ngesikhatsi seMfekane netinkhomo letinyenti taShaka. Akucaci kutsi weba yini tinkhomo taShaka noma watitsatsa ngekuhlasela tikhala letisedvute. Mzilikazi wacale waya endzaweni leseyiMozambique namuhla, kodvwa nga-1826 wahamba waya entshonalanga eTransvaal ngenca yekuhlaselwa lokuchubekako kutitsa takhe, wahlanganisa bantfu labanyenti labavela etiveni letehlukene ngesikhatsi abancoba. Wahlasela umuti wemaNdzundza eSikhunjini, lapho khona iNkhosi yemaNdzundza, Magodongo, kanye nalabanye batfunjwa lababulawa eMfuleni iMkobola.

Kuleminyaka lelishumi leyalandzela, Mzilikazi waba nemandla eTransvaal. Wacedza bonkhe labebamelene naye futsi wahlela kabusha tindzawo lebekatincobile kuze tihambisane nesakhiwo lesisha semaMatabele. Nga-1831, ngemuva kwekuncoba imphi nemaGriqua, Mzilikazi watsatsa umhlaba wemaGriqua lasedvute neNtsaba iGhaapse.[4] Wasebentisa tindlela tokubulala wonke umuntfu longavumelani naye. Akwatiwa wabulala ngakhi yebantfu.

Kulwa nemaBhunu

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Bantfu beVoortrekker bacala kufika eTransvaal, lapho Mzilikazi abekayinkhosi khona iminyaka lelishumi. Loku kwaholela ekubeni kube nekuhlangana lokunyenti nekulwa, lapho Mzilikazi ancoba khona lokunyenti, kwaze kwaba ngulapho emaVoortrekker agcine amnqoba. Lemphi yatsatsa iminyaka lemibili, ngesikhatsi emaMatabele alahlekelwa bantfu labanyenti. Ekuqaleni kwa-1838, Mzilikazi nebantfu bakhe baphoceleleka kutsi baye enyakatfo, bawela uMfula iLimpopo bayishiya iTransvaal.

Wanquma kwehlukanisa licembu lakhe laba mabili. Lelinye lalilwa macembu lahamba laya enyakatfo liholwa ngumholi wemphi Nkulumane, indvodzana yaMzilikazi, kanye naGundwane Ndiweni, lowahola incenye yemaNdebele yawela uMfula iLimpopo ngaphandle kwaMzilikazi.[4]

Lokunye kuhlaselwa kwaphocelela Mzilikazi kutsi aphindze ahambe, ekucaleni aye entshonalanga endzaweni leseyiBotswana namuhla, bese kamuva uya enyakatfo endzaweni leseyiZambia namuhla. Akakwazanga kuhlala kulowo mhlaba ngenca yekuba khona kwetimpukane i-tsetse, lebetitfwala tifo letibulala tinkhomo. Ngako-ke Mzilikazi waphindze wahamba, kulokwekugcina waya eningizimu-mpumalanga endzaweni leyagcina yatiwa ngekutsi yiMatabeleland, leseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeZimbabwe yanamuhla. Wahlala khona nga-1840, lapho aphindze wahlangana khona neliqembu lelehlukana lebeliholwa nguNdiweni naNkulumane.[4]

Ngemuva kwekufika kwakhe, wahlela balandzeli bakhe baba ngaphansi kwesakhiwo sempi lesinemacembu etibhamu, lesifana naleso saShaka. Ngaphansi kwekuhola kwakhe, emaMatabele aba nemandla lamakhulu kangangekutsi akwazi kubuyisela emuva kuhlasela kwemaBhunu ngeminyaka yabo-1847–1851 futsi acinisekise hulumende weSouth African Republic kutsi asayine sivumelwano sekuthula naMzilikazi nga-1852.

Umbuso wemaMatabele

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Ngesikhatsi Mzilikazi bekavame kuba nebuhlobo lobuhle nebavakashi baseYurophu, wachubeka akwati ingoti lebebayibeka embusweni wakhe. Eminyakeni yakhe yekugcina, wala kuvumela labanye bavakashi kutsi bangene endzaweni yakhe. Bantfu baseYurophu labahlangana naMzilikazi bafaka Henry Hartley, umtingeli nelihloli; Robert Moffat, isithunywa selivangeli; John Mackenzie, isithunywa selivangeli; David Hume, lihloli nemthengisi; Andrew Smith, udokotela, umcwaningi wetive nesilwane; William Cornwallis Harris, umtingeli; lihloli lesithunywa selivangeli David Livingstone; kanye nelihloli laseJalimane Karl Mauch.[4]

Ngemuva kwekuncotjwa kwakhe ngemaBhunu aseTransvaal ngesikhatsi sive sakhe sihamba enyakatfo yeLimpopo, Mzilikazi wehlukana nencenye lenkhulu yesive sakhe. Bantfu bakhe bacabanga kutsi ufile futsi bakhetsa indlalifa yakhe lencane, Nkulumane, kutsi ibe ngumlandzeli wakhe. Kodvwa Mzilikazi waphindze wavela ngemuva kweluhambo lolwalumhluphile lolwadlula eSigodzini saseZambezi futsi waphindze watsatsa kulawula.

Ngekusho kwalokunye kulandzisa, indvodzana yakhe kanye nawo onkhe emadvodza labebakhetse yona babulawa ngemyalelo wakhe. Inkolelo ledvumile itsi babulawa ngekuphonswa phansi eweni lelikhulu entabeni manje leyatiwa ngekutsi yiNtabazinduna ("intaba yemadvuna").

Lokunye kulandzisa kutsi Nkulumane akazange abulawe nalabanye emadvuna, kodvwa waphindiselwa eBukhosini bemaZulu nebucembu lolukhulu lwalufaka emajoni. Ngesikhatsi ahamba aya eningizimu, wadlula endzaweni yemaBakwena enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeTransvaal, edvute naseRustenburg. Ngaleso sikhatsi emaBakwena bekazama kubuyisela emuva kuhlaselwa lokuphindzaphindziwe yinkhosi leyakhelene nabo, lebeyifuna lomhlaba lebebahlala kuwo.

Nkulumane wasita emaBakwena ngekuhola impi yakhe empini lapho yena Nkulumane abulala khona indvuna lebeyakhelene nabo.

Ngemuva kwalokhu kuncoba, emaBakwena ancenga Nkulumane kutsi ahlale endzaweni yawo, aphikisa ngekutsi bekungasizi ngalutfo kutsi abuyele eBukhosini bemaZulu ngobe titsa tababe wakhe betingambulala. Nkulumane wahlala kulendzawo futsi wahlala lapho nemndeni wakhe kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe nga-1883. Lithuna lakhe, lelimbozwe ngelucwecwe lwebetoni, lisemaphethelweni eRustenburg ePhokeng. Indzawo yelithuna laNkulumane ibitwa ngendlela lengahambisani nemlandvo ngekutsi yiMzilikazi's Kop, nanobe kuyindvodzana yakhe leyingcwatjwe khona.

Ngemuva kwekuphindze atsatsa indzima yakhe njengeNkhosi, Mzilikazi wasungula sive sakhe eNtabazinduna Mountain, futsi inhlokodolobha yakhe yekucala yaba seInyathi. Lapho wahlangana khona futsi nemngani wakhe wakadzeni Robert Moffat, labake bahlangana naye eSouth African Republic ngesikhatsi Moffat abuya eKuruman, lokwakungumnyaka lapho indvodzana yakhe Nkulumane yatalwa khona.

Inyathi yashiywa nga-1859 ngemuva kwekufa kwelinye lemadvodzakati akhe lamakhulu, iNdlovukazi Loziba. Inhlokodolobha yakhe lelandzelako yasungulwa eMhlahlandlela eMatopo District, lapho angcwatjwe khona. Lena yaba yinhlokodolobha yakhe yesibili futsi yekugcina kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe eNqameni, edvute naseGwanda, nga-5 September 1868.

Lifa

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Tindlalifa letichamuka ngco kuMzilikazi (Umugca webukhosi)

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INkhosi Mzilikazi kaMashobane, umsunguli webukhosi bemaNdebele (emaMatabele), wasungula likhaya lelikhulu lebukhosi lebelinemakhosikati lamanyenti nebantfwana labanyenti ngesikhatsi sekubusa kwakhe ngelikhulu leminyaka le-19.[4][5]

Imithombo yemlandvo iyavuma kutsi waba nebantfwana labanyenti, nanobe tinombolo leticondzile tehluka ngemithombo nangemasiko ekulandzisa ngemlomo.[4]


Tindlalifa letibalulekile emkhatsini wesiko lekulandzelana kwebukhosi tifaka:

  • INkhosana Nkulumane Khumalo — Nkulumane uvame kubhalwa emlandvweni njengendvodzana yaMzilikazi leyayizibulo kanye nendlalifa leyacala kukhetfwa. Eminye imithombo yemlandvo itsi wabandakanyeka engcupheni yekulwela bukhosi ngesikhatsi Mzilikazi awela esifundzeni saseZambezi, futsi kamuva wanyamalala etindzabeni tekulandzelana kwebukhosi, nanobe tati temlandvo tisaqhubeka tiphikisana ngaletimo leticondzile tekususwa kwakhe noma tekutfunjwa kwakhe.[4][6]
  • INkhosi Lobengula Khumalo — Lobengula kaMzilikazi walandzela njengeNkhosi yemaNdebele cishe nga-1870, waba yinkhosi yesibili kanye neyagcina yembuso wemaNdebele lowawukhululekile ngaphambi kwekwehlulwa kwawo eMpini yeMatabele yekucala (1893).[7][8]

Ukhonjiswa emithonjeni yemlandvo njengendvodzana yaMzilikazi, watalwa ngulomunye wemakhosikati akhe, lobunikati bakhe bubhalwe ngekuhlukahlukana emasikweni ekulandzisa ngemlomo nasemithonjeni lebhaliwe.[9]

Mzilikazi walandzelwa yindvodzana yakhe Lobengula. Kuzuza kwakhe umhlaba nemandla etembusave labekakutfole kukho konkhe kuphila kwakhe kwaba kwesikhashana, kodvwa, ngemuva kwekutsi baseYurophu batfole ligolide ngemnyaka munye ngaphambi kwekufa kwakhe. Lokutfolwa kweligolide kwadonsa Cecil Rhodes kanye nenkampani iBritish South Africa Company kuleyo ndzawo, kwagcina kuholele kiRudd Concession futsi, ekugcineni, iMphi yasevenj leMatebele. Kungakapheli iminyaka lengemashumi lamatsatfu, emaNgisi ancoba, atsatsa indzawo yemaMatebele yafakwa ngaphasi kwesifundza saseRhodesia.

Bukhosi bamanje besive sakaKhumalo buchubeka ngeNkhosi Bulelani Lobengula Khumalo, lowagcotjwa njengeNkhosi yesive semaNdebele. Uhlobene naleminye imiti yebukhosi, kufaka ekhatsi umndeni webukhosi bemaZulu, ngelifa lelibanti leNguni, loluhlanganisa timphandze tebukhokho letilingana naletingcwele letihlobanisa yena ngekucondza lokungasiko ngco neNkhosi Misuzulu kaZwelithini yemaZulu.[10]

Sikhumbuto

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Nga-1941, hulumende waseRhodesia wakha sikhumbuto saMzilikazi lesiseyindzawo ledvumile yekuhlonipha yena nanamuhla.

Nga-1970, iDolobha laseBulawayo lasungula iMzilikazi Memorial Library, lelabhuku lelikhulu lelisedolobheni. Beka sitfombe sebuso benkhosi emnyango welabhuku ekugubheni iminyaka lengemakhulu yekufa kwakhe.

Njalo ngemnyaka ngeNyoni, tinkhulungwane tebantfu tibuthana eMhlahlandlela (Mzilikazi Memorial Site) edvute naseBulawayo kute tikhumbule iNkhosi Mzilikazi, umsunguli wesive samaNdebele (Mthwakazi).[11][12]

Litfuna laMzilikazi

Lomcimbi ufaka ekhatsi imidanso yesintfu, tinkondlo, kulandzisa ngemlandvo kanye nemidlalo yemasiko, futsi uhlelwa tinhlangano temasiko letifana neMthwakazi kaMzilikazi Cultural Association (MMCA), kanye nemadvuna endzabuko kanye netitukulwane teNdlu yaKhumalo.[13][14]

Le mikhumbuto isebenta njengembutsano lobalulekile wemasiko lovuselela kukhumbula umlando kanye nebunikati besive emkhatsini wetitukulwane letincane tesive samaNdebele kanye nemiphakatsi yaseMatabeleland.

Uvezwa ngumlingisi Mpilo Mbatha kuluchungechunge lwetemabonakudze loludrama, iShaka iLembe.


Tinkhomba

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  1. ↑ Mark R. Dictionary of African Historical Biography, Heinemann, 1978, Pages 167–168, ISBN 0-435-94711-7
  2. ↑ Harris, William Cornwallis (1889) The Wild Sports of Southern Africa: Being the Narrative of an Expedition from the Cape of Good Hope, Through the Territories of the Chief Moselekatse, to the Tropic of Capricorn, John Murray, London. Page 151
  3. ↑ Mzilikazi< South African History Online, 13 September 2011, Accessed 22 January 2018
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Becker, Peter (1979): Path of Blood: The Rise and Conquests of Mzilikazi, Founder of the Matabele Tribe of Southern Africa, Penguin Books
  5. ↑ Dodds, Glen Lyndon (1998) The Zulus and Matabele: Warrior Nations, Arms and Armour, ISBN 978-1-85409-381-3
  6. ↑ Beach, David (1980): The Shona and Zimbabwe, 900–1850, Heinemann
  7. ↑ Ranger, Terence (1967) Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, 1896–97, Heinemann
  8. ↑ Lobengula, Encyclopaedia Britannica
  9. ↑ Becker, Peter (1979): Path of Blood, Penguin Books
  10. ↑ Dodds, Glen Lyndon (1998) The Zulus and Matabele: Warrior Nations, Arms and Armour, ISBN 978-1-85409-381-3
  11. ↑ Colourful ceremony marks King Mzilikazi commemorations, CITEZW, 11 September 2022
  12. ↑ King Mzilikazi commemoration preps on, Zimbabwe Independent, 17 August 2023
  13. ↑ King Mzilikazi annual celebrations preparations on course, The Herald, 15 July 2025
  14. ↑ King Mzilikazi seminar starts at Mhlahlandlela, The Herald, 5 September 2025
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