Phupha
Liphupho kulandzelana kwetitfombe, kwemibono, imivo, kanye nemicabango levame kwenteka ngekuhlukana engcondvweni ngesikhatsi setigaba letitsite tekulala . Bantfu bacitsa cishe ema-awa lamabili baphupha busuku bubunye, futsi liphupho ngalinye litsatsa cishe imizuzu lengu 5–20, noma ngabe lophuphako angabona leliphupho njengalelo lelidze kakhulu.
Lokucuketfwe ngemaphupho[1] kanye nemisebenti yawo kuba tihloko letitsandvwako tesayensi, tefilosofi kanye netenkholo kuwo wonkhe umlandvo loshicilelwe . Kuhumusha emaphupho, lokwentiwa bantfu baseBhabhulona eminyakeni leyinkhulungwane yesitsatfu ndvulo-ndvulo ngisho nangaphambi kwaloko kwemaSumariyeni asendvulo, kuvela kakhulu emibhalweni yenkholo emasikweni lamanyenti, futsi kudlale indzima lesembili ekwelapheni kwengcondvo. Sifundvo sesayensi semaphupho sibitwa ngekutsi yi-oneroloji . Linyenti lesifundvo ngeliphupho lamanje sigcile ku-neurophysiology yemaphupho kanye nekufuna nekuhlola imicabango mayelana nekusebenta kweliphupho. Akwatiwa kutsi emaphupho avela kuphi engcondvweni, noma ngabe kuyinye imvelaphi yemaphupho noma ngabe imikhakha leminyenti yemcondvo lembhandzakekako, noma kutsi yinjongo yekuphupha yemtimba noma ingcondvo.
Lokusipiliyoni ngeliphupho lemuntfu kanye naloko lokufanele kwentiwe ngako sekuvele kwashintjeka ngemahlandla lamakakhulu ngekuhamba kwemlandvo. Lokwa emandvulo, ngekwemibhalo yakubo Mesopothamiya naseGibhithe yasendvulo, emaphupho abecondzisa kutiphatsa kute kube sigaba lesancishiswa kakhulu eminyakeni leyinkhulungwane ngemuva. Lena mibhalo yasendvulo lehambisana namaphupho iveta emaphupho ekuvakashelwa, lapho khona loko lokuphushwa ngako, lokuvame kuba ngumuntfu lomcoka noma umkhokho lovelele, aphocelela lolophuphako kutsi atsatse tento letitsite, futsi letingabiketela tintfo letitawenteka esikhatsini lesitako. Kuhlela lohlangabetene nako ngaliphupho kuyahlukahluka ngekwemasiko lehlukene nangetikhatsi.