Umlandvo wa clement doke
CLEMENT DOKE -(16 Inkhwekhweti 1893 eBristol, United Kingdom 24 Indlovana 1980 eEast London, South Africa) bekangusosayensi wetilwimi wase Ningizimu Afrika lobekasebenta kakhulu ngetilwimi tase Afrika. Ngekubona kutsi luhlelo lwelulwimi lwe Bantu lwehlukile kunelulwimi lwase Europe, bekangulomunye wabososayensi bema Afrika bekucala ngesikhatsi sakhe kutsi bashiye indlela ye Euro-centric ekuchazeni lulwimi kwentela indlela yesintfu. Wabhala imibhalo leminyenti, wabhala luhlelo lweluhlelo lwelulwimi, tichazamagama letinyenti, umsebenti wekucatsanisa, kanye nemlandvo wetilwimi temaBantu.
Umndeni wakaDoke bewuyincenye yelibandla lemaBaptist, futsi bekusolo kunjalo titukulwane letinyenti letendlulile. Babe wakhe, uMfundisi Joseph J. Doke wasuka eNgilandi waya eNingizimu Afrika nga-1882, lapho ahlangana khona na-Agnes Biggs. Babuyela eNgilandi, lapho khona Clement watalelwa khona, waba ngumntfwana wesitsatfu kubantfwana labane. Umndeni wakhe watfutsela eNew Zealand futsi ekugcineni wabuyela eNingizimu Afrika nga-1903, lapho wagcina sewuhlala khona e-Johannesburg.
Nakaneminyaka lengu-18 budzala, Clement watfola ticu takhe te-bachelor's degree eTransvaal University College ePitoli (nyalo leseyibitwa ngekutsi yi-University of Pretoria). Wakhetsa kwenta umsebenti wetitfunywa telivangeli. Nga-1913, wahamba nababe wakhe baya enyakatfo-nshonalanga yeRhodesia, endzaweni lebeyibitwa ngekutsi yiLambaland, nyalo leyatiwa ngekutsi yi-Ilamba. Lendzawo itfolakala emfuleni iCongo kanye neZambesi. Incenye yalesifundza yayiseNyakatfo yeRhodesia futsi lenye incenye yayiseBelgian Congo. Umzila wesitimela i-Cape-Cairo Railway wawuhamba ngasemphumalanga yawo; ngaphandle kwaloko, luhambo lolunyenti beluhamba ngetinyawo.
Umfundisi William Arthur Phillips waseNyasa Industrial Mission eBlantyre, wacala imishini yemaBaptist nga-1905; beyisebenta endzaweni lengemakhilomitha-skwele langu-25 000 (emakhilomitha-skwele langu-65 000) futsi beyicondziswa bantfu labangu-50 000. Docs bekufanele aphenye kutsi lendzawo yaseLambaland ingatsatfwa yini yiBaptist Union of South Africa. Ngulolohambo lapho babe waDoke ahlaselwa ngumkhuhlane wase-enteric futsi washona. Mahatma Gandhi waya emkhosini futsi wakhuluma nelibandla. Clement watsatsa sikhundla seyise.
LamaBaptist aseNingizimu Afrika ancuma kutsatsa leMishini yaseKafulafuta, futsi umsunguli wayo, Umfundisi Phillips, wachubeka angumfundisi. Nga-1914, Clement Doke wabuyela eKafulafuta asitfunywa selivangeli, futsi ngemuva kweminyaka lemibili naye wabuyela khona kanye nasisi wakhe Olive. Nga-1919, Doke washada naHilda Lehmann, lowahamba naye wabuyela eLambaland. Bobabili batfola sifo semalaleveva ngesikhatsi basebenta, futsi bekangakavunyelwa kutsi abuyele eLambaland. Clement Doke waphindze wabona kutsi umsebenti wakhe wasensimini bewungeke uchubeke sikhatsi lesidze, ngako wahamba nga-1921. Wabhaliswa eNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand lebeyisandza kusungulwa. Kute atfole ticu tekufundzisa, lomndeni watfutsela eNgilandi, lapho afike wafundza khona eSikolweni seTifundvo taseMphumalanga nase-Afrika. Tilwimi labetisebentisa kakhulu bekusiLamba nesiLuba, kodvwa ngenca yekutsi bekete umhloli lokahle, kwadzingeka kutsi ashintje lulwimi lwakhe alukhulume ngesiZulu.
Nga-1923, Doke wacala kusebenta eHhovisini leLifundvo Lelwati Lwebantfu eNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand. Nga-1925 watfola . Watfola i-Litt. yakhe kanye ne-doctoral thesis yakhe, i-Phonetics of the Zulu Language futsi wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sekuba nguMfundzisi Lomkhulu. Nga-1931 wabekwa kutsi abe Sihlalo we-Antu Studies futsi ngaleyondlela waba ngumholi weLitiko Lekutadisha Nge-Antu. Lelitiko belisolo lisita bantfu base-Afrika kute bangeniswe enyuvesi. Kusukela nga-1925, linani lelincane lebantfu labemukelwa ekolishi lelivakashile le-African Studies. Doke usekela kukhetfwa kwaBenedict Wallet Vilakazi kutsi abe lilunga lebasebenti, njengobe akholelwa kutsi kukhuluma lulwimi lwendzabuko kubalulekile ekufundzeni lulwimi. Loko kwabangela kutsi bantfu labanyenti bangabetsembi baphindze bangavumelani nabo. Bobabili babambisana ekwakheni sichazamagama sesiZulu nesiNgisi. Lelibhayibheli lacala kushicilelwa nga-1948, futsi solo lisibonelo lesihle kakhulu setincwadzi telulwimi lwesi-Afrika.[1]
Ngekucelwa nguHulumende waseNingizimu Rhodesia, Doke waphenya ngekwehlukahlukana kwetilwimi talelive futsi wenta tincomo telulwimi lwesiShona loluhlanganisiwe, lolwakha sisekelo sesiShona Lesivamile. Wasebentisa tinhlavu temagama letihlanganisiwe letisekelwe elulwimini lwesiZezuru, lwesiKaranga kanye nelwesiManyika. Nanobe kunjalo, indlela yaDoke yekubhala imibhalo ayizange yemukeleke kahle, futsi hulumende waseNingizimu Afrika wacala lenye indlela, lokwashiya lulwimi lwesiShona nemibhalo lemibili leyehlukene emkhatsini wa-1935 na-1955.
Ngalesikhatsi asebukhosini, Doke wasungula indlela yekuhlola kanye nekuhumusha tilwimi tebantfu base-Afrika leyayisekelwe ekwakhekeni kwato. "Luhlelo lwe-Dokean" luyachubeka nekuba yindlela lehamba embili yekuhumusha tilwimi eNingizimu naseNkhabeni ye-Afrika. Kuleminyaka leminyenti, indlela yakhe yekuhlukanisa tilwimi tebantfu labamnyama yaba yindlela lehamba embili yekuhlanganisa tilwimi tase-Afrika. Waphindze waba ngumhumushi wekucala wetinhlavu temagama telulwimi lwemaKhoisan kanye nelulwimi lwemaBantu, wasungula timphawu tawo letinyenti temagama. Doke wasebenta eNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand kwaze kwaba ngulapho atsatsa umhlalaphansi nga-1953. Watfola ticu te-Doctor of Letters eNyuvesi yaseRhodes kanye ne-Doctor of Laws eNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand nga-1972[2]