Kubeleka

From Wikipedia
Kubeleka
Kuhlelwa kanye nemitfombolwati yangaphandle

Kubeleka, lekubuye kwatiwe ngekutsi umhelo noma kukhululeka nabewutitfwele, kungalesikhatsi kuphelakukhulelwa ubeleka umntfwana munye noma ngetulu aphuma esibeletfwenisamake.[1] Ngemnyaka wa-2015 bekubeleke bantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-135 mhlabawonkhe. [2] Bantfwana labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-15 batalwa ngembi kwemaviki lange-37 sekukhulelwa,[3] ngalesikhatsi labangu 3 kuya ku-12% batalwa sekundlule emaviki lange-42.[4] Emaveni lesekatfutfukile bantfu labanyenti babelekela etibhedlela,[5][6] ngalesikhatsiemaveni lasatfutfuka bantfu labanyenti babelekela emakhaya basitwa ngumuntfu lomdzala wendzawo lobelekisako.[7]

Kubeleka.

Indlela lejwayelekile yekubelekangulena yekukhipha umntfwana ngesitfo sangasese.[8] Lendlela ifaka ekhatsi tinyatselo letintsatfu temhelo: nekufinyela kanye kube netinhlungu nasivulekako, kwehla kwemntfwana nekubeleka lomntfwana, nekuchilitaukhiphele ngaphandle indlu yemntfwana.[9] Lesigaba sekucala sitsatsa emahora lalishumi nakubili kuya kulishumi nemfica, sigaba sesibili sitsatsa imizuzu lengemashumi lamabili kuya kumahora lamabili, kantsi sinyatselo sesitsatfu sitsatsa imizuzu lesihlanu kuya kulengemashumi lamatsatfu. [10] Lesigaba sekucala sicala ngekutsi kusike esinyeni netinhlungu ecolo letitsatsa sigamu semzuzu bese buyabuya lobuhlungu njalo ngemuva kwemizuzu lelishumi kuya kulengemashumi lamatsatfu. [9] Letinhlungu letisikako tiba buhlungu ngemandla futsi tisondzelane ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi. [10] Ngalesikhatsi sesigaba sesibili kutawuvakala kuchiliteka kanye netinhlungu temhelo. [10] Kusigaba sesitsatfu kwentsambo yenkhaba kuvamise kunconywa. [11] Tindlela letinyenti letihlukene tingasita ekudzambiseni tinhlungu njengemasu ekwehlisa emaphaphu, ema-opioids, kanye nekushikisha umgogodla.[10]

Bantfwana labanyenti nababelekwa kuphuma inhloko kucala; nomakunjalo, 4% beta ngetinyawo kucala noma tibunu kucala, lekubitwa ngekutsi ngekuvundla.[10][12] Ngalesikhatsi uphetfwe ngumhelo ungakwati kudla nekuhamba ngendlela lofuna ngayo, kuchilita akukavumeleki ngalesikhatsi sesigaba sekucala noma ngalesikhatsi kuphuma inhloko, kanye nekujova akukavumeleki.[13] Ngalesikhatsi kujutjwa kuvulwa sikhalakulembobo yangasese, lekubuye kwatiwe ngekutsiyi-episiotomy, kujwayelekile kantsi akudzingeki kangako. [10] Nga 2012, kubeleke bantfu labalinganiselwa ku-24 wetigidzi ngekutsi bahlindvwekujutjwe esuswini lekutsiwa yisiza.[14] Isiza inganconywa uma ngabe umuntfu abeleka emawele, kunekucindzeteleka kwemntfwana, noma eta afulatsela.[10] Lendlela yekubeleka ingatsatsa sikhatsi lesidze kutsi uphole uma usebentise yona. [10]

Umnyaka ngamunye tinkhinga letiphatselene nekubeleka kanye nekukhulelwa tiba yimbangela yekushona kwalabalinganiselwa ku 500,000 ngemnyaka, tigidzi letingu-7 tabomake baba netinkhinga letimbi letitsatsa sikhatsi lesidze, kantsi tigidzi letinge-50 tabomake baba nemitselela lengasimihle yemiphumela yetemphilo ngemuva kwekubeleka. [15] Lokunyenti kwaloku kwentekaemaveni lasatfutfuka. [15] Kungahambi kahle lokunyenti kufaka ekhatsi kuphatamiseka kwemhelo, kopha ngembi kwekubeleka, eclampsia , kanye nekusuleleka nge-postpartum.[15] Tinkhinga letiba khona emntfwaneni tifaka ekhatsi kutalwa ne-asphyxia.[16]

Emareferensi[hlela | edit source]

  1. Martin, Elizabeth. Concise Colour Medical Dictionary (in English). Oxford University Press. p. 375. ISBN 9780199687992. 
  2. "The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. July 11, 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016. 
  3. "Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363". WHO. November 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2016. 
  4. Buck, Germaine M.; Platt, Robert W. (2011). Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780199857746. 
  5. Co-Operation, Organisation for Economic; Development (2009). Doing better for children. Paris: OECD. p. 105. ISBN 9789264059344. 
  6. Olsen, O; Clausen, JA (12 September 2012). "Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (9): CD000352. PMID 22972043. 
  7. Fossard, Esta de; Bailey, Michael (2016). Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 9789351507581. Retrieved 31 July 2016. 
  8. Memon, HU; Handa, VL (May 2013). "Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders.". Women's health (London, England) 9 (3): 265–77; quiz 276–7. PMID 23638782. 
  9. 9.0 9.1 "Birth". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (6 ed.). Columbia University Press. 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-30 from Encyclopedia.com. 
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 "Pregnancy Labor and Birth". Women's Health. September 27, 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016. 
  11. McDonald, SJ; Middleton, P; Dowswell, T; Morris, PS (11 July 2013). "Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (7): CD004074. PMID 23843134. 
  12. Hofmeyr, GJ; Hannah, M; Lawrie, TA (21 July 2015). "Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (7): CD000166. PMID 26196961. 
  13. Childbirth: Labour, Delivery and Immediate Postpartum Care (in English). World Health Organization. 2015. p. Chapter D. ISBN 978-92-4-154935-6. Retrieved 31 July 2016. 
  14. Molina, G; Weiser, TG; Lipsitz, SR; Esquivel, MM; Uribe-Leitz, T; Azad, T; Shah, N; Semrau, K; Berry, WR; Gawande, AA; Haynes, AB (1 December 2015). "Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality". JAMA 314 (21): 2263–70. PMID 26624825. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15553. 
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules (2nd ed.). Geneva [Switzerland]: World Health Organisation. 2008. p. 3. ISBN 978-92-4-154666-9. 
  16. Martin, Richard J.; Fanaroff, Avroy A.; Walsh, Michele C. Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant (in English). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 116. ISBN 9780323295376.